Mark Henderson, Science Editor
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Power cables and plugs may soon become obsolete because scientists have developed a way to wirelessly charge electrical devices from a distance.
WiTricity can already power a lightbulb over a distance of 2m (7ft), and its inventors believe that within three to five years the system would be able to charge mobile phones, laptops, MP3 players and other electronic devices.
The appliances would only need to be within range of a WiTricity transmitter to work.
Professor Marin Soljacic, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said that wireless electricity could eventually replace most power cables, in the same way that mobile and cordless phones had supplanted landlines.
“Once, when my son was about three years old, we visited his grandparents’ house,” said Professor Soljacic, whose results are published in the journal Science. “They had a 20-year-old phone and my son picked up the handset, asking, ‘Dad, why is this phone attached with a cord to the wall?’
“That is the mindset of a child growing up in a wireless world. My best response was, ‘It is strange and awkward, isn’t it?’ Hopefully, we will be getting rid of some more wires, and also batteries, soon.”
Professor Soljacic’s inspiration for WiTricity grew out of his frustration at having to find a plug to charge his mobile phone. “It was probably the sixth time that month that I was awakened by my cell phone beeping to let me know that I had forgotten to charge it. It occurred to me that it would be so great if the thing took care of its own charging.”
While there are already wireless devices that can charge batteries by electromagnetic induction – as used in most electric toothbrushes and pads on which mobile phones can be placed – these work over only very short distances.
Standard electromagnetic fields, which are used in wi-fi networks to send data, could feasibly transmit power too, but they spread radiation in all directions so most of the energy would be wasted. Lasers can be used to focus energy in one direction, but an uninterrupted line of sight is needed.
For WiTricity, Professor Soljacic turned to the concept of resonance, which allows the efficient transmission of energy between objects that resonate at the same frequency. The principle is the same when a soprano sings a loud single note – the note can make wine glasses vibrate and even break, so long as they are filled to a level that makes them resonate at the same frequency.
The WiTricity system consists of two copper coils, one sending power, the other receiving it. The receiver is designed to resonate at the same frequency as the magnetic field generated by the transmitter.
Professor Peter Fisher, a colleague of Professor Soljacic, said that the system worked efficiently and automatically, and did not require a clear line of sight between the transmitter and the electronic appliance.
“As long as the laptop is in a room equipped with a source of wireless power, it would charge automatically, without having to be plugged in,” he said. “It would not even need a battery to operate inside such a room.”
At present, the system uses fairly large coils, which are unsuitable for mobile devices, but Professor Soljecic said that it should be possible to miniaturise the system for commercial use within three to five years.
“One would like the distance between the source and the device to be a bit larger – four to five metres – the sizes of the coils to be somewhat smaller, to fit into a laptop, and the efficiency to be a bit higher. We have promising ideas as to how to achieve this so now is a good time to start seriously thinking about commercialisation.”
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Can we agree to call it "electricity?" Let someone get a copyright on, ugh, WiTricity, so we can all ignore it.
brian jones, Toronto,
WiTricity is not a new idea. I remember, back in 1956 discussing this in my Electronics course (courtesy of the RAF) the, probably apocryphal tale, told by the lecturer, no doubt many times, concerned the early days of the BBC, transmitting on long wave from Droitwich. When engineers checked how far the signal carried, results were excellent, except for one small sector. When they explored in that direction, they found a house with a coil around its small garden tuned into their frequency and abstracting sufficient power to provide domestic lighting.
As part of my course I then designed a model aircraft with an electric motor driving a propeller from a coil around the nose, tail and both wingtips, tuned to the BBC World programme. If it had been built, there was no reason it could not have flown round and round the transmitter for hours without batteries. That was WiTricity over 50 years ago.
Nigel MacNicol, Oakham, UK
This technology is different to Tesla's as objects can be placed between the power source and its destination without disturbing the power flow.
Richard Wallace, Newcastle,
Commercialization is just one problem that comes to mind.
The human central nervous system also consists of electro magnetic subsystems which respond very well to resonance. Does this mean that we will soon need to wear Faraday cages around our hearts and brains? Ever notice the side of your head heating up very slightly after a 30 minute conversation on a mobile?
Perhaps simultaneously with WiTricity, we should begin work on BodySuits and HeadGaskets. Most likely, as with mobile phones, the issue will simply be overlooked in favour of convenience.
Directional lasers w/ sensors seem like they could offer a solution.
Daniel Volkovich, Skopje, Macedonia
Hope someone investigates the effect, if any, over time on animal bodies located between sender and receptor. It would be too bad to find out the hard way that there is a negative effect.
Hotspur, NYS, US,
Remember that MIT operates in a universe where the word "efficient" means something different to what it does here. This is basically a transformer a few feet across and without an iron core. There is a reason that all other transformers are small and have iron cores.....
The real world is in any case rapidly standardising on mini-USB charger sockets. You only need to remember where _one_ of your chargers is....
Ian Kemmish, Biggleswade, UK
Ah yes, the transmission of electric power by wireless is an old idea and was investigated in the 19th century. One of its proponents was Nikola Tesla (he of AC current), who built the Wardenclyffe Tower on Long Island NY around 1900 to demonstrate the potential of power as well as telecommunications transmission. Unfortunately how to make money by charging people for receiving this free power hadn't really occurred to him and so when asked by JP Morgan, one of the financial backers, "where do you put the meter?", answer came there none. Hence money came there none from then on, and it was broken up for scrap. How to stop your neighbours from helping themselves to your paid-for wireless power will scupper this idea just the same.
Steve Hobbs, Sutton, UK
Tesla's work failed because anyone could tap the supply, and the energy companies were not having that. We should nationalise the selling of energy, switch to nuclear and renewables and use the wireless system.
Ben, York,
Why did it take more than a hundred years to make use of an old invention of a surpessed genius?!! Surprisingly a lot of us still know his name, so his credit isn't totally lost, thank god for that!
Binjie Zhao, London,
this is not new, it's tesla territory. he experimented with matching tuned coils and standing waves a century ago. most of his proven concepts were never commercialized or even taken seriously. he also invented polyphase ac current, radio control, and global power distribution using capacitance between the earth and atmosphere.
karmaduck, Tampa, FL
Nice one - something else to give us all early age cancer
Microwaves, WiFi, Mobile Phones, Wimax, and now WiTricity.
Are we intentionally trying to shorten the life expectancy of our children for short term commercial gain?
Si, Reading,
Ah yes, this idea is an old one and was investigated in the 19th Century. Nikola Tesla built the Wardenclyffe Tower on Long Island US around 1900 to demonstrate the transmission of power as well as telecommunications by radio. Unfortunately the problem of how you make money by charging people for using this free power hadn't really occured to him and the people like JP Morgan who were providing the funding had second thoughts. It was broken up for scrap.
S. Hobbs, Sutton, UK
The world of Star Trek is coming ever nearer. Science fiction writers better come up with some new material!
Stuart, Manchester, UK
What makes this unique is they are using evanescant waves. It's kind of a difficult concept to graps, but their transmitter is actually a wave guide. A portion of the energy being guided actually exists outside of the guide, which is known as an evanescant wave. At low frequencies these waves go through most anything and continue to be guided, but if you design a device that resonates with them, it will absorb the energy. Thus you have wireless energy transfer that is potentially without any radiation loss.
Greg Berman, Boulder, USA, CO
I wonder what the impact will be on power consumption... I doubt it is going to be 100% efficient - I think I read 40%? It sounds like the 'standby' thing all over again where over time, we use more and more power to do the same things.
Andy B, London,
They already have wireless speakers, Ian.
fart, no,
Good idea Ian, particularly for active speakers.
Nice to see someone is finally catching up with Tesla's idea for wireless powere distribution, he seemed to manage it over a fair distance at reasonable efficiency, odd that it has taken so long....
Kidd Garrett, Bristol, UK
it will destroy the planet in some way and we'll have to change even more lightbulbs
John Ledbury, Kings Lynn, England
In 1901 Nikola Tesla built device to transmit power without wires at frequencies of 100,000 Hz at a distance of 22 ft.
Alex Novak, London,
Difficult to tell from the report, but this sounds awfully like Tesla's work in Victorian times. How is it different?
Geoff Lake, Carbost, Isle of Skye
Develop the system to get rid of the speaker cables for Hi-Fi and surround sound systems first. It gets rid of all the ugly cables lying around a room and the speaker boxes are big enough to house the first generation resonance coils.
Ian Robinson, Grangemouth, scotland
The principle of transmitting power without wires was first demonstrated in state of New York by Nikola Tesla (after whom unit of Magnetic field strength is named) some hundred years ago. His efforts were thwarted by Edison power company which had monopoly on power distribution.
Alex Novak, London,